| Ending |
Usage |
Example |
| -al |
the act of doing, or the state of |
betrayal, refusal |
| -ance/-ancy/-ence/-ency |
relating to quality, state or condition |
performance, infancy, prominence, urgency |
| -ation |
action or process of; result of |
creation, reformation |
| -ice |
condition, quality or act |
cowardice, notice |
| -er/-or |
person or thing that performs the action |
teacher, worker, competitor, legislator |
| -graph |
a writing or record |
telegraph, polygraph |
| -ian |
person or thing |
politician, amphibian |
| -ing |
having the quality of (gerund ending) |
teaching, working |
| -ism |
action or practice, theory or doctrine |
nationalism, Hinduism |
| -ist |
one who, or that which does or has to do with |
nationalist, typist |
| -ity |
state, condition or quality |
inferiority, confidentiality |
| -ization |
nouns formed from verbs; condition, act, process |
harmonization, urbanization |
| -ment |
the product or result of; the means of |
achievement, government |
| -ness |
relating to quality, state or condition |
happiness, sadness |
| -ogy |
the study of |
biology, geology |
| -oid |
like, resembling |
humanoid, android |
| -ory |
a place for the action of the verb stem |
dormitory, repository |
| -ship |
the state, condition or quality of; art or skill of |
friendship, marksmanship |
| -sion/-tion |
action or process of; condition or state of being; result of |
rejection, completion, connection |
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